![]() ![]() Furthermore, during the production process by the pharmaceutical industry, residues of pharmaceutical compounds may be discharged directly in water resources after being used to wash industrial parts and having contaminated this resource. ![]() The same process occurs to pharmaceutical compounds used in veterinary treatment, either for prophylactic purposes or as growth promoters. For example, caffeine (CAF), after consumption, it is rapidly absorbed into the gastrointestinal system, but approximately 5% is not metabolized, being excreted in the urine, thus reaching the sewage system along with discarded products from food and beverages which contain CAF in their composition 7. We would like to highlight that the pharmaceuticals, when excreted by humans, reach the sewage network in unchanged form or by metabolites, since the pharmaceuticals are not fully metabolized. Even at these concentration levels, these compounds could cause undesirable effects and risks to human health, fauna and environmental flora 3-6.Īfter consumption, pharmaceutical compounds are metabolized, and a significant part is excreted by humans in domestic sewage or even disposed directly into the sewage network after reaching expiration date. Legend: WWTP = wastewater treatment plant WTP = water treatment plant.Ĭurrently, these compounds are daily present in modern society, and their potential harmful effects to humans and to the environment have generated attention and alertness, in a way, NORMAN network has already been identified at least 700 substances in the European aquatic environment 2. Keywords: emerging contaminants, caffeine, wastewaters.Īdapted flowchart of entry routes of PPCPs into the environment1. In this review, we present a discussion about emerging contaminants, focusing on caffeine, regulatory aspects that involve the theme, as well as effects on organisms, removal technologies and techniques for analyzing these compounds in environmental matrices. In addition, it is a compound used worldwide recognized as a marker of anthropogenic activity. And among them, caffeine is considered an emerging contaminant and can be highlighted due its presence in medicines, beverages, foodstuff and several other products. There are several compounds classified as emerging contaminants such as pharmaceuticals, illicit drugs, hormones, pesticides, among others. Moreover, emerging contaminants are capable of causing harmful effects to nontarget organisms and therefore affect the ecosystem balance. This designation concerns the lack of legislation to regulate their discharge or even to monitor these compounds. 2017 doi: 10.1016/j.fct.2017.04.002.Emerging contaminants are substances found in the environment whose concentrations vary from µg to ng L -1 and whose presence in wastewater has gained popularity in the scientific community due to the potential impacts these compounds can cause to the environment. ![]() Systematic review of the potential adverse effects of caffeine consumption in healthy adults, pregnant women, adolescents, and children. Benefits and risks of caffeine and caffeinated beverages. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service. Trends in caffeine intake among US children and adolescents. In: Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics Complete Food and Nutrition Guide. ![]() Department of Health and Human Services and U.S.
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